diff --git a/.github/workflows/release.yml b/.github/workflows/release.yml
index 9969c58..146f9f2 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release.yml
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
-        go: ['1.21', '1.22', '1.23']
+        go: ['1.23', '1.24']
     name: Go ${{ matrix.go }} test
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ jobs:
         with:
           go-version: ${{ matrix.go }}
       - run: go test -race -v -coverprofile=profile.cov -coverpkg=./pkg/... ./pkg/...
-      - uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5.3.1
+      - uses: codecov/codecov-action@v5.4.0
         with:
           file: ./profile.cov
           name: codecov-go
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 04d551f..bc346f5 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -156,10 +156,9 @@ Versions that also build are marked with :warning:.
 
 | Version | Supported          |
 | ------- | ------------------ |
-| <1.21   | :x:                |
-| 1.21    | :warning:          |
-| 1.22    | :white_check_mark: |
+| <1.23   | :x:                |
 | 1.23    | :white_check_mark: |
+| 1.24    | :white_check_mark: |
 
 ## Why another library
 
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 70ace65..d0d892a 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 module github.com/zitadel/oidc/v3
 
-go 1.21
+go 1.23.7
+
+toolchain go1.24.1
 
 require (
 	github.com/bmatcuk/doublestar/v4 v4.8.1
@@ -16,11 +18,11 @@ require (
 	github.com/rs/cors v1.11.1
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0
-	github.com/zitadel/logging v0.6.1
-	github.com/zitadel/schema v1.3.0
+	github.com/zitadel/logging v0.6.2
+	github.com/zitadel/schema v1.3.1
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.29.0
-	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.26.0
-	golang.org/x/text v0.22.0
+	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.28.0
+	golang.org/x/text v0.23.0
 )
 
 require (
@@ -31,8 +33,8 @@ require (
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.29.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.29.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.32.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/net v0.33.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.35.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/net v0.36.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.30.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 03ecdfd..e174d34 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -50,10 +50,10 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0/go.mod h1:r2ic/lqez/lEtzL7wO/rwa5dbSLXVDPFyf8C91i36aY=
 github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.3.5/go.mod h1:mwnBkeHKe2W/ZEtQ+71ViKU8L12m81fl3OWwC1Zlc8k=
-github.com/zitadel/logging v0.6.1 h1:Vyzk1rl9Kq9RCevcpX6ujUaTYFX43aa4LkvV1TvUk+Y=
-github.com/zitadel/logging v0.6.1/go.mod h1:Y4CyAXHpl3Mig6JOszcV5Rqqsojj+3n7y2F591Mp/ow=
-github.com/zitadel/schema v1.3.0 h1:kQ9W9tvIwZICCKWcMvCEweXET1OcOyGEuFbHs4o5kg0=
-github.com/zitadel/schema v1.3.0/go.mod h1:NptN6mkBDFvERUCvZHlvWmmME+gmZ44xzwRXwhzsbtc=
+github.com/zitadel/logging v0.6.2 h1:MW2kDDR0ieQynPZ0KIZPrh9ote2WkxfBif5QoARDQcU=
+github.com/zitadel/logging v0.6.2/go.mod h1:z6VWLWUkJpnNVDSLzrPSQSQyttysKZ6bCRongw0ROK4=
+github.com/zitadel/schema v1.3.1 h1:QT3kwiRIRXXLVAs6gCK/u044WmUVh6IlbLXUsn6yRQU=
+github.com/zitadel/schema v1.3.1/go.mod h1:071u7D2LQacy1HAN+YnMd/mx1qVE2isb0Mjeqg46xnU=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.29.0 h1:PdomN/Al4q/lN6iBJEN3AwPvUiHPMlt93c8bqTG5Llw=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.29.0/go.mod h1:N/WtXPs1CNCUEx+Agz5uouwCba+i+bJGFicT8SR4NP8=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.29.0 h1:vPf/HFWTNkPu1aYeIsc98l4ktOQaL6LeSoeV2g+8YLc=
@@ -62,19 +62,19 @@ go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.29.0 h1:J/8ZNK4XgR7a21DZUAsbF8pZ5Jcw1VhACmnYt3
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.29.0/go.mod h1:eHl3w0sp3paPkYstJOmAimxhiFXPg+MMTlEh3nsQgWQ=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20191011191535-87dc89f01550/go.mod h1:yigFU9vqHzYiE8UmvKecakEJjdnWj3jj499lnFckfCI=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.32.0 h1:euUpcYgM8WcP71gNpTqQCn6rC2t6ULUPiOzfWaXVVfc=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.32.0/go.mod h1:ZnnJkOaASj8g0AjIduWNlq2NRxL0PlBrbKVyZ6V/Ugc=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.35.0 h1:b15kiHdrGCHrP6LvwaQ3c03kgNhhiMgvlhxHQhmg2Xs=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.35.0/go.mod h1:dy7dXNW32cAb/6/PRuTNsix8T+vJAqvuIy5Bli/x0YQ=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.4.2/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190311183353-d8887717615a/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190404232315-eb5bcb51f2a3/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190620200207-3b0461eec859/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200202094626-16171245cfb2/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210405180319-a5a99cb37ef4/go.mod h1:p54w0d4576C0XHj96bSt6lcn1PtDYWL6XObtHCRCNQM=
-golang.org/x/net v0.33.0 h1:74SYHlV8BIgHIFC/LrYkOGIwL19eTYXQ5wc6TBuO36I=
-golang.org/x/net v0.33.0/go.mod h1:HXLR5J+9DxmrqMwG9qjGCxZ+zKXxBru04zlTvWlWuN4=
+golang.org/x/net v0.36.0 h1:vWF2fRbw4qslQsQzgFqZff+BItCvGFQqKzKIzx1rmoA=
+golang.org/x/net v0.36.0/go.mod h1:bFmbeoIPfrw4sMHNhb4J9f6+tPziuGjq7Jk/38fxi1I=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
-golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.26.0 h1:afQXWNNaeC4nvZ0Ed9XvCCzXM6UHJG7iCg0W4fPqSBE=
-golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.26.0/go.mod h1:XYTD2NtWslqkgxebSiOHnXEap4TF09sJSc7H1sXbhtI=
+golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.28.0 h1:CrgCKl8PPAVtLnU3c+EDw6x11699EWlsDeWNWKdIOkc=
+golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.28.0/go.mod h1:onh5ek6nERTohokkhCD/y2cV4Do3fxFHFuAejCkRWT8=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
@@ -83,13 +83,13 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20201119102817-f84b799fce68/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210330210617-4fbd30eecc44/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210510120138-977fb7262007/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220715151400-c0bba94af5f8/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0 h1:TPYlXGxvx1MGTn2GiZDhnjPA9wZzZeGKHHmKhHYvgaU=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.29.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.30.0 h1:QjkSwP/36a20jFYWkSue1YwXzLmsV5Gfq7Eiy72C1uc=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.30.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.22.0 h1:bofq7m3/HAFvbF51jz3Q9wLg3jkvSPuiZu/pD1XwgtM=
-golang.org/x/text v0.22.0/go.mod h1:YRoo4H8PVmsu+E3Ou7cqLVH8oXWIHVoX0jqUWALQhfY=
+golang.org/x/text v0.23.0 h1:D71I7dUrlY+VX0gQShAThNGHFxZ13dGLBHQLVl1mJlY=
+golang.org/x/text v0.23.0/go.mod h1:/BLNzu4aZCJ1+kcD0DNRotWKage4q2rGVAg4o22unh4=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtnZ6UAqBI28+e2cm9otk0dWdXHAEo=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.1/go.mod h1:o0xws9oXOQQZyjljx8fwUC0k7L1pTE6eaCbjGeHmOkk=
@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ google.golang.org/appengine v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EbEs0AVv82hx2wNQdGPgUI5lhzA/G0D9Ywl
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c/go.mod h1:JHkPIbrfpd72SG/EVd6muEfDQjcINNoR0C8j2r3qZ4Q=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.8 h1:obN1ZagJSUGI0Ek/LBmuj4SNLPfIny3KsKFopxRdj10=
-gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.2.8/go.mod h1:hI93XBmqTisBFMUTm0b8Fm+jr3Dg1NNxqwp+5A1VGuI=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0 h1:D8xgwECY7CYvx+Y2n4sBz93Jn9JRvxdiyyo8CTfuKaY=
+gopkg.in/yaml.v2 v2.4.0/go.mod h1:RDklbk79AGWmwhnvt/jBztapEOGDOx6ZbXqjP6csGnQ=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
diff --git a/pkg/oidc/types.go b/pkg/oidc/types.go
index 7063426..9b307bc 100644
--- a/pkg/oidc/types.go
+++ b/pkg/oidc/types.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package oidc
 import (
 	"database/sql/driver"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"reflect"
 	"strings"
@@ -77,16 +78,25 @@ func (l *Locale) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {
 }
 
 // UnmarshalJSON implements json.Unmarshaler.
-// All unmarshal errors for are ignored.
-// When an error is encountered, the containing tag will be set
+// When [language.ValueError] is encountered, the containing tag will be set
 // to an empty value (language "und") and no error will be returned.
 // This state can be checked with the `l.Tag().IsRoot()` method.
 func (l *Locale) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
-	err := json.Unmarshal(data, &l.tag)
-	if err != nil {
-		l.tag = language.Tag{}
+	if len(data) == 0 || string(data) == "\"\"" {
+		return nil
 	}
-	return nil
+	err := json.Unmarshal(data, &l.tag)
+	if err == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// catch "well-formed but unknown" errors
+	var target language.ValueError
+	if errors.As(err, &target) {
+		l.tag = language.Tag{}
+		return nil
+	}
+	return err
 }
 
 type Locales []language.Tag
diff --git a/pkg/oidc/types_test.go b/pkg/oidc/types_test.go
index c7ce0ee..53a9779 100644
--- a/pkg/oidc/types_test.go
+++ b/pkg/oidc/types_test.go
@@ -217,6 +217,30 @@ func TestLocale_UnmarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 		want    dst
 		wantErr bool
 	}{
+		{
+			name:    "value not present",
+			input:   `{}`,
+			wantErr: false,
+			want: dst{
+				Locale: nil,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "null",
+			input:   `{"locale": null}`,
+			wantErr: false,
+			want: dst{
+				Locale: nil,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name:    "empty, ignored",
+			input:   `{"locale": ""}`,
+			wantErr: false,
+			want: dst{
+				Locale: &Locale{},
+			},
+		},
 		{
 			name:  "afrikaans, ok",
 			input: `{"locale": "af"}`,
@@ -232,23 +256,22 @@ func TestLocale_UnmarshalJSON(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 		},
 		{
-			name:  "bad form, error",
-			input: `{"locale": "g!!!!!"}`,
-			want: dst{
-				Locale: &Locale{},
-			},
+			name:    "bad form, error",
+			input:   `{"locale": "g!!!!!"}`,
+			wantErr: true,
 		},
 	}
-
 	for _, tt := range tests {
-		var got dst
-		err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(tt.input), &got)
-		if tt.wantErr {
-			require.Error(t, err)
-			return
-		}
-		require.NoError(t, err)
-		assert.Equal(t, tt.want, got)
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			var got dst
+			err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(tt.input), &got)
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+				return
+			}
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.want, got)
+		})
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/op/device.go b/pkg/op/device.go
index 8a0e174..b7290cd 100644
--- a/pkg/op/device.go
+++ b/pkg/op/device.go
@@ -91,10 +91,7 @@ func createDeviceAuthorization(ctx context.Context, req *oidc.DeviceAuthorizatio
 	}
 	config := o.DeviceAuthorization()
 
-	deviceCode, err := NewDeviceCode(RecommendedDeviceCodeBytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, NewStatusError(err, http.StatusInternalServerError)
-	}
+	deviceCode, _ := NewDeviceCode(RecommendedDeviceCodeBytes)
 	userCode, err := NewUserCode([]rune(config.UserCode.CharSet), config.UserCode.CharAmount, config.UserCode.DashInterval)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, NewStatusError(err, http.StatusInternalServerError)
@@ -163,11 +160,14 @@ func ParseDeviceCodeRequest(r *http.Request, o OpenIDProvider) (*oidc.DeviceAuth
 // results in a 22 character base64 encoded string.
 const RecommendedDeviceCodeBytes = 16
 
+// NewDeviceCode generates a new cryptographically secure device code as a base64 encoded string.
+// The length of the string is nBytes * 4 / 3.
+// An error is never returned.
+//
+// TODO(v4): change return type to string alone.
 func NewDeviceCode(nBytes int) (string, error) {
 	bytes := make([]byte, nBytes)
-	if _, err := rand.Read(bytes); err != nil {
-		return "", fmt.Errorf("%w getting entropy for device code", err)
-	}
+	rand.Read(bytes)
 	return base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodeToString(bytes), nil
 }
 
diff --git a/pkg/op/device_test.go b/pkg/op/device_test.go
index 570b943..5fd9c9b 100644
--- a/pkg/op/device_test.go
+++ b/pkg/op/device_test.go
@@ -145,21 +145,11 @@ func runWithRandReader(r io.Reader, f func()) {
 }
 
 func TestNewDeviceCode(t *testing.T) {
-	t.Run("reader error", func(t *testing.T) {
-		runWithRandReader(errReader{}, func() {
-			_, err := op.NewDeviceCode(16)
-			require.Error(t, err)
-		})
-	})
-
-	t.Run("different lengths, rand reader", func(t *testing.T) {
-		for i := 1; i <= 32; i++ {
-			got, err := op.NewDeviceCode(i)
-			require.NoError(t, err)
-			assert.Len(t, got, base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodedLen(i))
-		}
-	})
-
+	for i := 1; i <= 32; i++ {
+		got, err := op.NewDeviceCode(i)
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Len(t, got, base64.RawURLEncoding.EncodedLen(i))
+	}
 }
 
 func TestNewUserCode(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/pkg/op/storage.go b/pkg/op/storage.go
index 8488b28..a579810 100644
--- a/pkg/op/storage.go
+++ b/pkg/op/storage.go
@@ -144,6 +144,12 @@ type CanSetUserinfoFromRequest interface {
 	SetUserinfoFromRequest(ctx context.Context, userinfo *oidc.UserInfo, request IDTokenRequest, scopes []string) error
 }
 
+// CanGetPrivateClaimsFromRequest is an optional additional interface that may be implemented by
+// implementors of Storage. It allows setting the jwt token claims based on the request.
+type CanGetPrivateClaimsFromRequest interface {
+	GetPrivateClaimsFromRequest(ctx context.Context, request TokenRequest, restrictedScopes []string) (map[string]any, error)
+}
+
 // Storage is a required parameter for NewOpenIDProvider(). In addition to the
 // embedded interfaces below, if the passed Storage implements ClientCredentialsStorage
 // then the grant type "client_credentials" will be supported. In that case, the access
diff --git a/pkg/op/token.go b/pkg/op/token.go
index 04cd3cc..1df9cc2 100644
--- a/pkg/op/token.go
+++ b/pkg/op/token.go
@@ -147,7 +147,11 @@ func CreateJWT(ctx context.Context, issuer string, tokenRequest TokenRequest, ex
 				tokenExchangeRequest,
 			)
 		} else {
-			privateClaims, err = storage.GetPrivateClaimsFromScopes(ctx, tokenRequest.GetSubject(), client.GetID(), removeUserinfoScopes(restrictedScopes))
+			if fromRequest, ok := storage.(CanGetPrivateClaimsFromRequest); ok {
+				privateClaims, err = fromRequest.GetPrivateClaimsFromRequest(ctx, tokenRequest, removeUserinfoScopes(restrictedScopes))
+			} else {
+				privateClaims, err = storage.GetPrivateClaimsFromScopes(ctx, tokenRequest.GetSubject(), client.GetID(), removeUserinfoScopes(restrictedScopes))
+			}
 		}
 
 		if err != nil {